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Floating Production Storage and Offloading

Floating Production Storage and Offloading

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FPSO Mystras at work off the shore of Nigeria
FPSO Crystal Ocean moored at the Port of Melbourne

A floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore industry for the processing and storage of oil and gas. A FPSO vessel is designed to receive oil or gas produced from nearby platforms or subsea template, process it, and store it until oil or gas can be offloaded onto a tanker or transported through a pipeline. FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install, and do not require a local pipeline infrastructure to export oil and gas. FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker or can be a vessel built specially for the application. A vessel used to store oil only is referred to as a floating storage and offloading vessel (FSO).

Contents

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[edit] History

Oil has been produced from offshore locations since the 1950s. Originally, all oil platforms sat on the seabed, but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s, floating production systems came to be used.

The first oil FPSO was the Shell Castellon, built in Spain in 1977. There are so far no LNG FPSOs. In the opposite (discharge and regasification) end of the LNG chain, the first ever conversion of a LNG carrier (Golar LNG owned Moss type LNG carrier) into an LNG floating storage and regasification unit was carried out in 2007 by Keppel shipyard in Singapore.[1]

An LNG FPSO works under the same principles an oil FPSO works under, taking the well stream and separating out the natural gas (primarily methane and ethane) and producing LNG, which is stored and offloaded. On July 29, 2009, Shell and Samsung announced an agreement to build up to 10 LNG FPSOs: [2] Likely size and capacity: 456 meters in length and 74 meters in width, with a capacity of 450,000 cubic meters Estimated cost $5b. Already Flex LNG has four contracts for smaller units at the same yard.[3]

The Sanha LPG FPSO operates offshore Angola, and is the first such vessel with complete onboard liquefied petroleum gas processing and export facilities. It can store up to 135,000 cubic meters of LPG while awaiting export tankers for offloading.[4]

[edit] Mechanisms

FPSO diagram

Oil produced from offshore production platforms can be transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker. When a tanker is chosen to transport the oil, it is necessary to accumulate oil in some form of storage tank such that the oil tanker is not continuously occupied during oil production, and is only needed once sufficient oil has been produced to fill the tanker.

Often the solution is a decommissioned oil tanker which has been stripped down and equipped with facilities to be connected to a mooring buoy. Oil is accumulated in the FPSO until there is sufficient amount to fill a transport tanker, at which point the transport tanker connects to the stern of the floating storage unit and offloads oil.

There are two main types of FPSOs, the converted oil tanker type or the purpose built type. These might be disconnectable or permanently moored. The FPSO design will depend on the area of operation. In benign waters the FPSO may have a simple shape or it may be a converted tanker. The injection lines are connected to an area of the ship called a Turret, which can be external and hanging off the side of the FPSO in calmer waters such as in West Africa. For more harsh environments like the North Sea, an internal turret is located in the center and underneath the FPSO and the vessel should have a refined shape. This in order to position itself towards the wind and reduce environmental forces on the moorings. All ship-shaped FPSOs in the North Sea are purpose-built and most are permanently moored. FPSOs may also be semi-submersible type platforms with storage or cylindrically shaped. These are moored in fixed orientation.

An FPSO has the capability to carry out some form of oil separation process obviating the need for such facilities to be located on an oil platform. If the unit does not have such facilities it is an FSO, Floating Storage and Offloading unit, and would be operated in association with a production unit such as a platform.

[edit] Advantages

Floating production, storage and offloading vessels are particularly effective in remote or deepwater locations where seabed pipelines are not cost effective. FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the oil well to an onshore terminal. They can also be used economically in smaller oil fields which can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a fixed oil platform. Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new location. In areas of the world subject to cyclones (northwestern Australia) or icebergs (Canada), some FPSOs are able to release their mooring/riser turret and steam away to safety in an emergency. The turret sinks beneath the waves and can be reconnected later.

[edit] Specific types

A floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) is a floating storage device, which is a simplified FPSO without the capability for oil or gas processing. Most FSOs are old single hull supertankers that have been converted. An example is Knock Nevis, the world's largest ship, which has been converted to an FSO to be used offshore Qatar.

At the other end of the LNG logistics chain, where the natural gas is brought back to ambient temperature and pressure, ships may also be used as FSRUs. A LNG floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) is a floating storage and regasification system, which receives liquefied natural gas (LNG) from offloading LNG carriers, and the onboard regasification system provides natural gas send-out through flexible risers and pipeline to shore.

[edit] Vessels

[edit] Records

FPSO Firenze moored at Hellenic Shipyards, 2007

The FPSO operating in the deepest water depth is the Espirito Santo FPSO from Shell America operated by Brazilian Deepwater Production Ltd (a joint venture between MISC Bhd and SBM Offshore). The FPSO is moored at a depth of 1,800 m in the Campos Basin, Brazil and is rated for 100,000 bpd. The EPCI contract was awarded in November 2006 and is scheduled for first oil in December 2008. The FPSO conversions and internal turret were done at Keppel Shipyard Tuas in Singapore and the topsides were fabricated in modules at Dynamac and BTE in Singapore.

The world's largest FPSO is the Kizomba A, with a storage capacity of 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3). Built at a cost of over US$800 million by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, Korea, it is operated by Esso Exploration Angola (ExxonMobil). Located in 1200 meters (3,940 ft) of water at Deepwater block 200 statute miles (320 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean from Angola, Central Africa, it weighs 81,000 tonnes and is 285 meters long, 63 meters wide, and 32 meters high (935 ft by 207 ft (63 m) by 105 ft).[5]

The world's smallest FPSO is the Crystal Ocean, operating in 137 m of water in the Bass Strait between Australia and Tasmania on the Basker Manta Field. It is owned by Roc Oil (Sydney-based international petroleum exploration and production company) and is operated on their behalf by AGR Asia Pacific; it is currently producing 10,000 bpd.

The FPSO in the shallowest water depth of just 13 m is the Armada Perkasa in the Okoro field in Nigeria, West Africa, for Afren Energy. This spread moored (fixed orientation) vessel uses 100 mm, 150 mm and 200 mm bore DeepFlex non-steel flexible risers in a double lazy wave formation (with weights and distributed buoyancy) to accommodate the large motion offsets in an environment of extreme waves and currents.

The Skarv FPSO, developed and engineered by Aker Solutions for BP Norge, will be the most advanced and largest FPSO deployed in the Norwegian Sea, offshore Mid Norway. Skarv is a gas condensate and oil field development. The development will tie in five sub-sea templates, and the FPSO has capacity to include several smaller wells nearby in the future. The process plant on the vessel can handle about 19 MSm3/d (670 MScf/d) of gas and 13,500 Sm3/d of oil (85,000 bbl/d)[6]. An 80 km gas export pipe will tie in to Åsgard transport system. Aker Solutions (formerly Aker Kvaerner) developed the front-end design for the new floating production facility as well as the overall system design for the field and preparation for procurement and project management of the total field development.[7] The hull is an Aker Solutions proprietary "Tentechtm975" design.[8] BP also selected Aker Solutions to perform the detail engineering, procurement and construction management assistance (EPcma) for the Skarv field development. The EPcma contract covers detail engineering and procurement work for the FPSO topsides as well as construction management assistance to BP including hull and topside facilities. The production start for the field is scheduled for August 2011.[9] BP awarded the contract for fabrication of the Skarv FPSO hull to Samsung Heavy Industries in South Korea and the Turret contract to SBM. The FPSO has a length of 292m, breadth of 50.6m and is 29m deep and accommodate 100 people in single cabins. The hull will be delivered in January 2010.[7]

[edit] Current FPSOs

Data on operating FPSOs is reported each year in an annual survey.[10]

 This section is incomplete and may require expansion or cleanup. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page.
FPSO Vessel Name↓ Oilfield↓ Current Location↓ Field Operator↓ Newbuild or

Conversion

↓		 Startup

year

↓		 Vessel Designer

/Operator

↓
Abo FPSO Abo Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Agip Conversion 2003 Prosafe
Agbami FPSO Nigeria Star Deep Water Petroleum Newbuild 2008 Chevron
Akpo FPSO Akpo Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Total Newbuild 2009 Total
Al Zaafarana FPSO Warda Gulf of Suez, Egypt Aker Solutions Conversion 1994 Gemsa Petroleum Co
Anasuria FPSO Teal, Teal South, Guillemot A North Sea, UK Shell Newbuild 1996
Anoa Natuna Anoa Field, Natuna Sea Indonesia STAR Energy 1990 STAR Energy,KN, Natuna Sea BV
Aoka Mizu Ettrick North Sea, UK Nexen 2009 Bluewater Energy Services
Arco Ardjuna FSO Ardjuna Oil Field West Java Sea, Indonesia Pertamina Hulu Energy 1973 Pertamina
Armada Perkasa Okoro Setu Nigeria Afren/AMNI Conversion 2009 Bumi Armada Berhad
Åsgard A Åsgard North Sea, Norway Statoil Newbuild 1999
Baobab Ivoirien MV10 FPSO Baobab Field Côte d'Ivoire CNR International S.A.R.L. Conversion 2005 MODEC Inc.
Belanak Belanak Field South Natuna Sea, Indonesia ConocoPhillips Newbuild 2004 KBR / J. Ray McDermott
Berge Helene Chinguetti North Atlantic Ocean, Mauretania Woodside Petroleum Conversion 2006
Bleo Holm Ross, Blake, Parry North Sea, UK Talisman Energy Conversion 1999 Bluewater Energy Services
Bohai Ming Zhu FPSO Penglai19-3, China Bohai, China ConocoPhillips 2003 CNOOC
Bonga FPSO Bonga Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Shell Newbuild 2005 Samsung Heavy Industries
Brasil FPSO Roncador Campos Basin, Brazil Petrobras Conversion 2002 SBM Offshore
Bunga Kertas FPSO North Lukut & Penara South China Sea, Peninsula Malaysia Petronas Carigali Conversion 2004 DPS/FPSO Ventures
Capixaba FPSO Golfinho Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil Petrobras Conversion 2006 SBM Offshore
Captain FPSO Captain North Sea, UK Chevron Newbuild 1996
Cidade de Niteroi Jabuti, Brazil Santos Basin, Brazil MODEC (for Petrobras) Conversion 2009 MODEC Inc.
Cidade do Rio de Janeiro MV14 FPSO Espadarte Sul Field Campos Basin, Brazil Petrobras Conversion 2007 MODEC Inc.
Cidade de Vitoria FPSO Golfinho II Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil Petrobras Conversion 2007 Saipem
Cossack Pioneer Cossack, Wanaea Indian Ocean, Australia Woodside Petroleum Conversion 1995
Cuulong MV9 FPSO Su Tu Den Field Vietnam Cuulong Joint Operating Company (CLJOC) Newbuild 2003 MODEC Inc.
Dalia FPSO Dalia South Atlantic Ocean, Angola Total Newbuild 2006
Dhirubhai 1 MA-D6 Bay of Bengal, India Reliance Industries Limited Conversion 2008 AFP
Erha OPL 209 Gulf of Benin, Nigeria ExxonMobil Newbuild 2006
Espadarte FPSO Espadarte Campos Basin, Brazil Petrobras Conversion 2000 SBM Offshore
Espirito Santo BC-10 FPSO Espirito Santo (BC10) Campos Basin, Brazil Shell Americas Conversion 2009 SBM Offshore MISC Bhd
Espoir Ivorien Espoir Gulf of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire CNR Conversion 2002 Prosafe
Falcon FPSO Currently none Johor River, Malaysia ExxonMobil Conversion SBM Offshore
Farwah Al-Jurf Mediterranean, Libya Total 2003
Four Vanguard Woollybutt Indian Ocean, Australia ENI Conversion 2003 Premuda
Gimboa FPSO Gimboa South Atlantic Ocean, Angola Sonangol Conversion 2009 Saipem
Girassol FPSO Girassol South Atlantic Ocean, Angola Total Newbuild 2001
Glas Dowr Sable Indian Ocean, South Africa PetroSA Newbuild 2003 Bluewater Energy Services
Global Producer III Dumbarton North Sea, UK Maersk Newbuild 2006 Maersk
Greater Plutonio FPSO Block 18 Greater Plutonio South Atlantic Ocean, Angola BP Newbuild 2007 BP
Griffin Venture FPSO Griffin, Chinook, Scindian Indian Ocean, Australia BHP Billiton Newbuild 1994
Gryphon FPSO Gryphon North Sea, UK Maersk 1993
Hæwene Brim FPSO Pierce North Sea, UK Shell Newbuild 1999 Bluewater Energy Services
Jasmine Venture MV7 FPSO Jasmine Field Thailand PEARL Energy Pte Ltd. Conversion 2004 MODEC Inc.
Jotun A Jotun North Sea, Norway ExxonMobil Newbuild 1999 Bluewater Energy Services
Kakap Natuna FPSO Kakap KH field Indonesia ConocoPhillips(Kakap) Ltd. Conversion 1986 MODEC Inc.
Kikeh Kikeh Sabah, Malaysia Murphy oil Conversion 2007 SBM Offshore MISC Bhd
Kizomba A Hungo, Chocalho South Atlantic Ocean, Angola ExxonMobil Newbuild 2004 SBM Offshore
Kizomba B Kissanje, Dikanza South Atlantic Ocean, Angola ExxonMobil Newbuild 2005 SBM Offshore
Kuito FPSO Kuito Cabinda, Angola Chevron Conversion 1999 SBM Offshore
"Kwame Nkrumah" FPSO Jubilee Fields Gulf of Guinea, Ghana Tullow Oil & Others Conversion 2010 MODEC Inc
MacCulloch FPSO MacCulloch North Sea, UK ConocoPhillips 1997
Maersk Curlew Curlew North Sea, UK Shell Conversion 2002
Marlim Sul FPSO Marlim Sul Campos Basin, Brazil Petrobras Conversion 2004 SBM Offshore
MODEC Venture 11 FPSO Mutineer-Exeter Field Australia Santos Ltd. Conversion 2005 MODEC Inc.
Mondo FPSO Luanda, Angola Block 15, Angola ExxonMobil Conversion 2008 SBM Offshore
Munin Lufeng, Xijiang South China Sea, China CNOOC Newbuild 1997 Bluewater Energy Services
MV8 Langsa Venture FPSO Langsa field Malacca Strait, Indonesia MEDCO MOECO Langsa Ltd. Conversion 2001 MODEC Inc.
Mystras FPSO Okono, Okpoho Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Agip Conversion 2004 Saipem
Nganhurra FPSO Enfield Exmouth Sub-basin, Australia Woodside Petroleum Newbuild 2006
Maersk Ngujima-Yin FPSO Vincent Exmouth Sub-basin, Australia Woodside Petroleum Conversion 2008 Maersk
Norne FPSO Norne North Sea, Norway Statoil Newbuild 1997
Northern Endeavour Laminaria, Corallina Timor Sea, Indonesia Woodside Petroleum Newbuild
Perintis MASA field South China Sea, Peninsular Malaysia Petronas Carigali Conversion 1999 Aker Kvaerner/M3Nergy;
Petrojarl Banff Banff North Sea, UK CNR Newbuild 1999 Teekay Petrojarl;
Petrojarl Foinaven Foinaven North Atlantic, UK BP Conversion 1997 Teekay Petrojarl
Petrojarl I Glitne oilfield North Sea, Norway Statoil Newbuild 2001 Teekay Petrojarl
Petrojarl Varg Varg North Sea, Norway Talisman Energy Newbuild 1999 Teekay Petrojarl
Pertroleo Nautipa FPSO Etame South Atlantic Ocean, Gabon Vaalco Energy Conversion 2002 Fred Olsen Production, Prosafe
Polvo FPSO Polvo South Atlantic Ocean, Brazil Devon Energy Conversion 2007 Prosafe
Rang Dong 1 Rang Dong South China Sea, Vietnam JVPC, Nippon Oil Conversion 1998 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Ruby Princess FPSO Ruby South China Sea, Vietnam Petrovietnam Conversion 1998 Prosafe
Ruby II FPSO Ruby South China Sea, Vietnam Petronas Carigali Vietnam Ltd Conversion 2010 MISC Bhd
Sanha LPG FPSO Angola Chevron Newbuild 2005 Chevron
Saxi-Batuque FPSO Luanda, Angola Block 15, Angola ExxonMobil Conversion 2008 SBM Offshore
Schiehallion FPSO Schiehallion North Atlantic, UK BP Newbuild 1998 Harland & Wolff
Sea Eagle FPSO EA Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria Shell Newbuild 2003
SeaRose FPSO White Rose Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada Husky Energy Newbuild 2005
Seillean FPSO Cachalote Esprito Santo Basin, Brazil Petrobras but built for BP Newbuild 1986 Frontier-Drilling
Serpentina FPSO Zafiro Gulf of Guinea, Equatorial Guinea Exxonmobil Conversion 2003 SBM Offshore
Skarv FPSO Skarv and Idun North Sea, Norway BP Newbuild 2011 BP
Song Doc MV19 FPSO Song Doc Field Vietnam Truong Son Joint Operating Company (TSJOC) Conversion 2008 MODEC Inc.
Stybarrow MV16 FPSO Stybarrow Field Exmouth Sub-basin, Australia BHP Billiton Petroleum Newbuild 2007 MODEC Inc.
Terra Nova Terra Nova Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada Petro-Canada Newbuild 2002
Triton Bittern, Guillemot West, Guillemot Northwest North Sea, UK Amerada Hess Newbuild 2000
Uisge Gorm FPSO Fife, Fergus, Flora, Angus North Sea, UK Amerada Hess Conversion 1995 Bluewater Energy Services
Xikomba FPSO Xikomba Block 15, Angola ExxonMobil Conversion 2003 SBM Offshore
Yunus FSO BDR3 Mediterranean Syriah & N.T.J. Group Conversion 1998 Syriah & NTJ Group

[edit] References

  1. ^ "The world's first LNG Floating Storage and Regasification conversion". Skipsrevyen. http://www.skipsrevyen.no/artikler/artikler-1-2006/798.html. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
  2. ^ http://www.platts.com/Oil/News/7093122.xml?src=Oilrssheadlines1
  3. ^ http://www.flexlng.com
  4. ^ http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/sanha/
  5. ^ "Production grows in West Africa’s largest deepwater development" - The Lamp - Volume 86 Number 3 2004 - Exxon Mobil Corporation
  6. ^ http://www.eon-ruhrgas-norge.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3F57EEE5-5B3326E4/er-norge/hs.xsl/2414.htm
  7. ^ a b "Skarv and Idun Fields, North Sea Northern, Norway" -
  8. ^ http://www.akersolutions.com/Internet/IndustriesAndServices/OilAndGas/FieldDevelopment/default.htm
  9. ^ "Rigzone"
  10. ^ 2009 Worldwide Survey of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Units, Mustang Engineering, August 2009

[edit] External links

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